Starting out in chemistry and looking for information to expand your knowledge? In this section, you will find the necessary basics and many interesting facts about chemistry!
The Tollens’ test, named after the German chemist, Bernhard Tollens, who developed it, is the best-known aldehyde detection reaction. It is also used for other substances with reducing properties. These include, for example, sugars. Under laboratory conditions, the Tollens’ test is most commonly used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones, but the test is also used […]
Hydrocarbons are one of the most numerous groups of compounds in organic chemistry. They are primarily made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms which, when joined together, form a chain. If there are unstable unsaturated, i.e. double or triple, bonds between them, the attachment of a molecule containing an element from group 17 of the […]
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are one of the most important groups of compounds in organic chemistry. Despite being composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, they form numerous compounds with diverse structures. We can distinguish saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons – alkanes – in which all the bonds are single, and unsaturated hydrocarbons containing multiple (double or triple) bonds […]
The rate of chemical reactions depends on a number of factors, including the temperature or the concentration of the reactants. As it turns out, a small addition of a foreign substance can affect the kinetics of the reaction and thus speed it up considerably. This issue is the subject of catalysis. It is now of […]
Every day, chemical reactions take place all around us. In the course of a reaction, substrates are transformed and different products are formed, often having completely different properties. Chemical reactions can be classified according to various criteria, including the physical state of the substrates and products or the energy effect. However, they are most often […]
A homogeneous mixture of at least two substances is considered a solution. Although we think of a solution mainly as a liquid, gaseous and solid mixtures are also solutions. Nevertheless, a very large group of chemical reactions, both on a laboratory and industrial scale, occurs in an aqueous environment. There are three types of liquid […]
Mineral raw materials are used in virtually every sector of the economy. The deposits of individual mineral resources belong to natural resources of a country and have a fundamental impact on the economic development of the country and, consequently, on the improvement of its citizens’ standard of living. The most important mineral resources include crude […]
Ozone is one of the allotropic varieties of elemental oxygen. In the stratosphere, it forms a protective coating called the ozone layer. In recent decades, there has been a loss of ozone in this layer. This phenomenon is particularly observed in circumpolar regions and poses a major threat to the organisms that live there. The […]
Acid rain is one of the many factors that negatively affect the environment and human health. This phenomenon is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities. Acid rain disrupts ecosystems, damages architectural and cultural objects and, above all, poses a threat to human health. In order to minimise the negative impact of this phenomenon, a number of […]
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