Starting out in chemistry and looking for information to expand your knowledge? In this section, you will find the necessary basics and many interesting facts about chemistry!
This is a group of inorganic compounds formed by the combination of various elements with oxygen. Their general formula is XnOm, where “X” is any element, “O” is oxygen, always in the second oxidation state, and the letters “n,m” in the lower index are coefficients. Examples of oxides: water H2O, potassium oxide K2O, aluminium oxide […]
Proteins are large biomolecules which are the basic structural components of all living organisms. They are macromolecular compounds containing α-amino acid residues and amide bonds, otherwise known as peptide bonds. The molecular weight of proteins exceeds 10,000 daltons (Da). The peptides of lower molecular weights constitute a separate group known as oligopeptides. Common proteins are […]
The term ‘glass’ is commonly used for amorphous materials formed as a result of rapid cooling of a liquid, bypassing the crystallization phase. From a structural point of view, glass is a solid with a non-periodic lattice of atoms. Silicon, boron and phosphorus oxides, i.e. SiO2, B2O3 and P4O10, and their alloys with other oxides, […]
Polymerization is a reaction leading to the connection of some molecules of organic compounds into longer chains or networks. The process leads to the formation of macromolecules of molecular weight above 10,000 u. Molecules prone to polymerization are called monomers. The products of these transformations are known as polymers.
Isomerism is an important topic in organic chemistry. Isomers are chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. The number of possible isomers is so great that it requires noting structural or semi-structural formulas of organic compounds. The structure of individual isomers affects their properties, e.g. boiling point or solubility.
Ketones are organic compounds which are derivatives of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. They are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (=C=O) in their molecules, combined with two alkyl groups. Due to their properties, ketones are important components in the chemical industry. The most important of them, acetone, has been used in the construction industry, […]
Organic compounds in which one or more hydroxyl groups are attached to an aromatic ring are known as phenols. They have antiseptic and disinfecting properties. They are used, among others, in the production of medicines, as components of developers in photography or components for the production of vanillin. Polyhydrogen phenols, or polyphenols, occur naturally in […]
In nature, esters are the largest group of chemical compounds. This group includes, among others, fats, waxes and essential oils. Diverse physical and chemical properties of esters determine their wide range of applications. They are used as ingredients of perfumes, cosmetics and fragrance essences. They are good solvents for paints and varnishes. In addition, they […]
Amines are widely distributed in nature. As chemical compounds or in their free state, they are found in plants and animals, where they perform a number of important life functions. Currently, it is difficult to imagine a world without amines. The demand for them is constantly growing. They are used in various products such as […]
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